Attaching organic fibers to mineral: The case of the avian eggshell

Attaching organic fibers to mineral: The case of the avian eggshell

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Summary: Bird eggs possess a mineralized eggshell with Wireless Over-Ear a soft underlying fibrous membrane.These dissimilar material layers successfully evolved a structural attachment to each other as a conserved avian reproduction strategy essential to avian embryonic development, growth, and hatching of the chick.To understand how organic membrane fibers attach to shell mineral (calcite), 3D multiscale imaging including X-ray and electron tomography coupled with deep learning-based feature segmentation was used to show how membrane fibers are organized and anchored into shell mineral.

Whole fibers embed into mineral across the microscale, while fine mineral projections (granules/spikes) insert into fiber surfaces Accessories - Socks at the nanoscale, all of which provides considerable surface area and multiscale anchorage at the organic-inorganic interface between the fibrous membrane and the shell.Such a reciprocal anchorage system occurring at two different length scales between organic fibers and inorganic mineral provides a secure attachment mechanism for avian eggshell integrity across two dissimilar materials.